“Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) is a term that, despite its ubiquity in the contemporary debate on warfare literature and increasing prevalence in doctrine, remains ambiguous and contested. In both military and academic communities of interest, the term elicits reactions ranging from uncertainty about what it is, to scepticism about whether it will ever be fully realised, to confusion between MDO as an exercise in technology versus a full-scale transformation in the military instrument of power.” – Ian Bowers, a senior research scientist at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, unravels the mystery of Multi-Domain Operations.

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