“What was once an illicit trade constrained to the Middle East and primarily associated with jihadist organisations such as the Islamic State in the mid-2010s, has metastasized into a $5.7 billion trade facilitated by both non-state and state actors that spans the Mediterranean, Africa, and the Persian Gulf.”

 
CHACR’s latest In-Depth Briefing, Conflict and Captagon, is out now. Read above or click here for a downloadable PDF.